Mosquito-borne diseases are a constant threat, evolving and spreading through a variety of factors, including climate change, urbanization and global travel. While relatively few cases of eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) are reported annually in the United States, with only five reported in 2024, Europe faces a different challenge. The latest figures from the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) indicate an increase in mosquito-borne diseases in several European countries, notably Greece and Spain, where the number of cases has exceeded the expected level. This trend is a serious public health concern and the need for reliable preventive measures.
The current situation in Europe
In 2024, ECDC reported an increase in mosquito-borne diseases such as West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue fever in Europe. Greece and Spain, in particular, have seen significant increases in WNV cases, surpassing previous years. This rise correlates with rising temperatures and humidity, creating an ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes.
In Greece, local health authorities have reported more than 150 cases of IBD this year, a significant increase compared to the annual average. Spain has similarly seen a surge, with more than 100 cases reported, double the number of the past few years. Health officials in both countries attribute this increase to mosquito activity during the long, hot summer.
New mosquito-borne diseases: growing concern
In addition to WNV, dengue fever is also a growing concern in Europe. Dengue fever, which is traditionally associated with tropical regions, has spread to the Mediterranean basin. In 2024, France and Italy reported several cases of local transmission of dengue fever, a disease that can cause severe flu-like symptoms and, in extreme cases, life-threatening conditions. The re-emergence of this disease in Europe highlights the increasing adaptation of mosquitoes to new environments caused by climate change and human activities.
Risks and Hazards: A Closer Look
Mosquito-borne diseases pose several risks. Infections such as WNV and dengue fever can lead to severe neurological symptoms, especially in vulnerable populations such as the elderly and immunocompromised. The economic burden is also significant. For example, the average cost of treating a severe case of WNV can be as high as $25,000 in direct medical costs, not to mention additional long-term care costs and lost productivity.
Medical opinions and patient perspectives
Doctors emphasize the importance of informing the population and preventive measures. Dr. Elena Papadopoulos, a leading epidemiologist in Greece, says: “Educating the public about using insect repellent, wearing appropriate clothing and reducing standing water in residential areas is crucial. With the right measures, we can significantly reduce the incidence of these diseases."
From the patient's perspective, those affected by mosquito-borne diseases often talk about the unexpected impact on their lives. Maria, a resident of Valencia, Spain, contracted dengue during a local outbreak. She describes her experience: “I never thought that dengue fever would reach us here. The fever, pain and fatigue were overwhelming. It's not something to be taken lightly and I hope more people become aware of the risks."
Cities and countries of increased risk
Some European regions are at increased risk due to favorable breeding conditions for mosquitoes. Urban centers such as Athens, Rome and Madrid, with their warm climates and large amounts of standing water, are particularly vulnerable. Rural areas in the Balkans and the Mediterranean coast also face serious threats, with more and more cases each year.
Conclusion: preparing for the future
The rise of mosquito-borne diseases in Europe is a stark reminder of our interconnected world and the challenges of climate change. As diseases such as WNV and dengue become more common, preventive measures are important. Governments and public health agencies must work together to strengthen surveillance, raise public awareness, and implement effective mosquito control strategies. As the fight against these diseases continues, understanding the risks and being informed remain our best defense.
By remaining vigilant and informed, Europe can better prepare for the future and protect its citizens from the growing threat of mosquito-borne diseases.
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