Cholera: A Persistent Global Health Threat
Cholera continues to pose a serious threat to public health, particularly in Africa, where several countries have reported rising numbers of cases in 2025. The disease, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, spreads through contaminated food and water, leading to severe diarrhea and dehydration. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cholera outbreaks are intensifying due to climate change, poverty, and fragile health systems.
Countries and Cities Facing Outbreaks
In 2025, multiple African nations—including Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, and the Democratic Republic of Congo—have been severely affected by cholera. Cities such as Lusaka (Zambia) and Harare (Zimbabwe) reported alarming infection rates, straining hospitals and emergency health services. UNICEF has warned that urban overcrowding and poor sanitation are accelerating transmission (UNICEF).
Symptoms of Cholera
- Watery diarrhea (often described as “rice-water stools”)
- Severe dehydration
- Vomiting and nausea
- Muscle cramps
- Rapid heart rate and weakness
Without immediate treatment, cholera can lead to shock and death within hours. However, with prompt medical care, survival rates are extremely high.
Treatment and Formula
The cornerstone of cholera treatment is rapid rehydration. Patients are given oral rehydration solution (ORS), a formula consisting of:
- 1 liter of clean boiled water
- 6 teaspoons of sugar
- ½ teaspoon of salt
In severe cases, intravenous fluids and antibiotics are required. Zinc supplements are often recommended for children to speed recovery.
Cost of Vaccines and Treatment
The price of cholera oral vaccines on the international market ranges from $1.50 to $6 per dose, depending on the supplier and distribution agreements (Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance). Treatment costs for patients in Africa can vary from $10 to $50 per case, but expenses increase significantly if hospitalization is required. For low-income families, these costs remain a heavy burden.
Expert Opinions
Public health experts stress that cholera is preventable. Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General, has emphasized that investments in clean water, sanitation, and vaccination campaigns are the most effective tools to eliminate cholera outbreaks. Local doctors in Malawi argue that awareness campaigns and community-based solutions are just as vital as international aid.
Conclusion
Cholera remains a deadly yet preventable disease. By strengthening healthcare infrastructure, improving sanitation, and ensuring affordable access to vaccines, Africa can significantly reduce outbreaks. Global cooperation is essential to save lives and achieve the long-term goal of eliminating cholera as a public health threat.
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